?????? ???л ј/title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1251"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="ru"> </head> <body> <div align="center"> <table border="0" width="700" id="table1" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td> <h3 ALIGN="CENTER">?????? ???л ј/h3> <h4 ALIGN="CENTER"><em>??-??? ? ????????? ??ајЇem></h4> <p> ????? ?????? ????вЌЉ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????а® В ????и¬ ?иЌЉ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??л "???uot; ??. ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????а¬ ????????????оЌЉ????????? ?????????и®ј/p> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="360" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" align="right"> <tr> <td width="100%"> <img src="images/ef12_01.gif" alt="?б®±2.1" WIDTH="354" HEIGHT="181"><br>?б® 12.1 ??а Ќ <img SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20">-???НЉ ??????????? <sup>163</sup>Dy. ???бЌЉ ?????? ?????? ???гјЇtd> </tr> </table> <p> ????????? ???еЌЉ????? 1992 ??. ?? ?? о јimg SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20"><sup>-</sup>-???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????H. Jung et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 #15, 1992, p.2164]. ?? <sup>163</sup>Dy ? N-Z ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?????в¬ ??? ???? ????? ??м® ??????о¬ ??? ??? ?????? ??а¬ ?? <sup>163</sup>Dy ????о® ?оЌЉ???? ????е Ё5/2<sup>+</sup>) ??????? вЌЉ????? e-????????? ????п Ё7/2<sup>+</sup>) ?? <sup>163</sup>Ho. ?? <sup>163</sup>Ho, ????? ??????????, <img SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20">-?????? ?? ??? ?????НЉ????? ~10<sup>4</sup> ?в® ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ????иЌЉ?????????и® ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???. ??? ???? ??????а јsup>163</sup>Dy ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? <sup>163</sup>Ho ?????? ??????? ???а јsup>163</sup>Dy (?б®¦nbsp;12.1)</p> <table CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0" WIDTH="100%"> <tr> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP"><p align="center"><img SRC="images/i12_01.gif" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="28">.</td> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="MIDDLE"><p ALIGN="RIGHT">(12.1)</td> </tr> </table> <p>?????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? К ??-???? ?? <img SRC="images/i12_02.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">. В ????? ??? (12.1) ??????? ??</p> <p align="center"><img SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"><img src="../simages/arrow.gif" alt="------>" WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="17"><img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">+ <img src="../simages/aneutrino.gif" alt="aneutrino" WIDTH="11" HEIGHT="14"> + e<sup>-</sup>(????? ????и©ј/p> <p>???и јimg SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20">-???? ? K ?-???? ?????????о Ё50.3<u>+</u>1) ?ВЌ и Ё1.7<u>+</u>1) ?В® ?????????? ? ????????? K- ?-???? вЌЉ??????????SR ?SI ?? ????о ±0<sup>8</sup> ?????????????а јimg SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">. В ??????? ????? вЌЉ????? <img SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20"><sup>+</sup>-???НЉ??????? ?? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> (?б®¦nbsp;12.2).</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="330" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" align="right"> <tr> <td width="100%"> <img src="images/ef12_02.gif" alt="?б®±2.2" WIDTH="324" HEIGHT="350"><br>?б® 12.2. ???? ????? ??вє а ?кЌЉ ?????? ??????????SR ???y<sup>66+</sup> ? ??????????????а¬ b - ????????? Dy<sup>66+</sup> ?o<sup>67+</sup>, ????? ???? ????? ?????-????????????? ???????</td> </tr> </table> <p> ??? ?? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> ???????? ? ? ?????/q, ?? ?? ????? ??а јimg SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">, ?иЌЉ?????????? ?? ? ???. ??пЌЉ????? ????? ~ 30 ?н® ???о¬Ќ ??????????????? ?? <img SRC="images/i12_03.gif" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">, ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">. ????? ?????? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> ???гЌЉ???????????? ?????? ????? 6?10<sup>12</sup> ??/?<sup>2</sup>, ????м і ?, ?????????????? ????? ????????????. ? ?? ??, ???л јimg SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> ??????????, ?????? ????????л® ?????? ????? ??????????о µ00 б® ????оЌЉ?????? ??????? ???еЌЉ????? ????????л јimg SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> ??? ??????? (??еЌЉ????? ??????) ????????? ?? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">. ????????мЌЉ????? ???? ? 10 ? 85 ?н®Ќ ??????? ??????? Ho<sup>66+</sup> ?????? ? ?м¬ ??o<sup>66+</sup> ???? ?????????м® ???? ? ????мЌЉ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??п® ?????оЌЉ?????????????? ??а јsup>163</sup>Ho<sup>66+</sup> ? ????? ?????? <sup>163</sup>Ho<sup>67+</sup>. ??? ????????????пЌЉ?????-??????? ????, ???мЌЉ???????? ????? ? ????л јsup>163</sup>Ho<sup>67+</sup>. ? ?б®¦nbsp;12.3 ???? ???????? ?????? ?????е јimg SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20">-?????а јsup>163</sup>Ho ? ????????п® ? ???????оЌЉ???????? ????? ?????-????????????. <br> ??????, ????? ??? <sup>163</sup>Dy ?? <sup>163</sup>Ho ???? ???????мЌЉ????????? </p> <p align="center"><img SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"><img src="../simages/arrow.gif" alt="------>" WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="17"><img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">+ <img src="../simages/aneutrino.gif" alt="aneutrino" WIDTH="11" HEIGHT="14"> + e<sup>-</sup>(????? ????и©ј/p> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="340" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" align="right"> <tr> <td width="100%"> <img src="images/ef12_03.gif" alt="?б®±2.3" WIDTH="332" HEIGHT="333"><br>?б® 12.3. ??????????? <sup>163</sup>Ho<sup>66+</sup> ????? <sup>163</sup>Dy<sup>66+</sup> ?????? ? ????????п® ? ??? ?к јsup>163</sup>Ho<sup>67+</sup>, ????????? ????? ?????</td> </tr> </table> <p> ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> ?????????? ??мЌЉ?????? ??? ?????? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">, ?????????дЌЉ?????????? ??????????? <img SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">. ?????? ??? ~0.1 ??.<br> ????????? ??? ?лЌЉ????? ?п јsup>187</sup>Re<sup>75+</sup>. ?????еЌЉ??? ???? ?????и® ?? ??, ?оЌЉ???????? <sup>187</sup>Re ?????дЌЉ?????а ґ?10<sup>10</sup> ?вЌЉ???????? ????????л® ??? ?????а јsup>187</sup>Re<sup>75+</sup> ????? ??о і3<u>+</u>2 ??. ???? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????, ?. ???? <sup>187</sup>Re ?? ??????? ????????????.<br> ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????еЌЉ?????? ?????? ?????а¬Ќ ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????и®ј/p> <p> </p> <h4 ALIGN="CENTER"><em>????? ???????мјЇem><b></h4> </b> <p> ????????п јimg src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-??? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??, ???? ? ?? <sup>4</sup>He? ????????? ? ?? ??? ??? в ±984 ??. ???????оЌЉ?? ? ???????? ???? ???иЌЉ[H.J. Rose,G.A. Jones Nature 1984, vol 307 245-247] ?CCP [Д®В® ?????? ?. ??? ??Ф 1984 в®ґ0 152-154] ?????? ?????????д јsup>223</sup>Ra бЌЉ?????а јsup>14</sup>C. </p> <sup> <p ALIGN="CENTER">223</sup>Ra<img src="../simages/arrow.gif" alt="------>" WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="17"><sup>14</sup>C + <sup>209</sup>Pb + Q(31.85 ?В©.</p> <p> ? ???????????, ?оЌЉ????????????а јsup>14</sup>C ???а ±0 ???? ??? ??????? ????? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???. ?? <sup>14</sup>C ???????м јimg src="../simages/delta.gif" alt="???" WIDTH="13" HEIGHT="13">E-E ????? ?????????????в¬ ?оЌЉ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????й јimg src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-??? иЌЉ???????? ?? <sup>14</sup>C ? ? ??? иЌЉ??е® ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????пЌЉ?? <sup>14</sup>C ?????? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???а јimg src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11"><sub>Сј/sub>/<img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11"><sub>a</sub> = (8.5 <u>+</u> 2.5)<font SIZE="2">?10<sup>-10</sup> и ј/font> <img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11"><sub>Сј/sub>/<img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11"><sub>a</sub> = (7.6 <u>+</u> 3.0)<font SIZE="2">?10<sup>-10</sup>.<br> </font> ???? ????, ???йЌЉ??? ?????????????????, ???? ??????? ??. ???? ???иЌЉ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? кЌЉ????? ?????????????оЌЉ???? ????? ??????????пЌЉ??????????а® ????? ????а јsup>14</sup>C ????????? ?? ??? ?? <sup>221</sup>Fr,<sup> 221</sup>Ra, <sup>222</sup>Ra. В ??????? ???? ??е ±0 ????, ????? ????? ????? ???????м® ??? бЌЉ???????а јsup>14</sup>C ??????????еЌЉ?? <sup>24</sup>Ne, <sup>28</sup>Mg, <sup>32</sup>Si. <br> В ??. 12.1 ???? ???????? ????? ???????и® ????? ???? ??, ?????????л¬ ????пЌЉ??????????????? ?????иЌЉ????? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???л Ќ <img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda1.gif (56 bytes)" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11"><sub>Сј/sub>/<img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda1.gif (56 bytes)" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11"><sub>a</sub>, ???лЌЉ????????????????????а®Ќ ? ???????????, ?????? ??????????????????? ??????????п јimg src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-????????? ????? ~10<sup>-10</sup>-10<sup>-13</sup>. ??? ????? ???е¬ ????, ???еЌЉ????? ???? <sup>28,30</sup>Mg ???? ???? ? 10<sup>-17</sup>.</p> <p ALIGN="right">???а ±2.1. ????????еЌЉ????? ? ????????????гЌЉ???гјЇp> <small> <table BORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="7" WIDTH="100%"> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><p ALIGN="CENTER">???? ??</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><p ALIGN="CENTER">?????????</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><p ALIGN="CENTER">???????, Q, ?Вј/td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><p ALIGN="CENTER"><img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda1.gif (56 bytes)" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11"><sub>Сј/sub>/<img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda1.gif (56 bytes)" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11"><sub>a</sub><br> (?????????? ????? ???? кЌЉ ?????????????-???л©ј/td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"><p ALIGN="CENTER">T<sub>1/2</sub>, ??<br> (??? ????????????????пЌЉ ????)</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>221</sup>Fr</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>14</sup>C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">31.28</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 5?10<sup>-14</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">>2?10<sup>8</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>221</sup>Ra</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>14</sup>C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">32.39</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 1.2?10<sup>-13</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">>7.4?10<sup>6</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>222</sup>Ra</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>14</sup>C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">33.05</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(3.7<u>+</u>0.6)?10<sup>-10</sup><br> (3.1<u>+</u>1.0)?10<sup>-10</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>223</sup>Ra</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>14</sup>C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">31.85</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(8.5<u>+</u>2.5)?10<sup>-10<br> </sup>(7.6<u>+</u>3.0)?10<sup>-10<br> </sup>(5.5<u>+</u>2.0)?10<sup>-10<br> </sup>(4.7<u>+</u>1.3)?10<sup>-10<br> </sup>(6.1<u>+</u>1.0)?10<sup>-10</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>224</sup>Ra</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>14</sup>C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">30.54</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(4.3<u>+</u>1.2)?10<sup>-11</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">(2.3<u>+</u>0.6)?10<sup>8</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>226</sup>Ra</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>14</sup>C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">28.21</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(3.2<u>+</u>1.6)?10<sup>-11<br> </sup>(2.9<u>+</u>1.0)?10<sup>-11</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>225</sup>Ac</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>14</sup>C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">30,47</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 4?10<sup>-13</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 7?10<sup>10</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>231</sup>Pa</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>23</sup>F</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">51,84</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 4?10<sup>-14</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 8?10<sup>17</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>230Th</sup></td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>24</sup>Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">57.78</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(5.6<u>+</u>1.0)?10<sup>-13</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">(1.3<u>+</u>0.3)?10<sup>17</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>232</sup>Th</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>26</sup>Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">55.97</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 5?10<sup>-11</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">>3?10<sup>20</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>231</sup>Pa</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>24</sup>Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">60.42</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(3.8<u>+</u>0.7)? 10<sup>-12</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">(8.6<u>+</u>1.6)?10<sup>15</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>232</sup>U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>24</sup>Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">62.31</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(2.0<u>+</u>0.5)?10<sup>-12</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">(3.4<u>+</u>0.8)?10<sup>13</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>233</sup>U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>24</sup>Ne<br> <sup>25</sup>Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">60.50<br> 60.85</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(7.5<u>+</u>2.5)? 10<sup>-13<br> </sup>(5.3<u>+</u>2.3)?10<sup>-13</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>234</sup>U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>24</sup>Ne<br> <sup>26</sup>Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">58.84<br> 59.47</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(4.4<u>+</u>0.5)?10<sup>-13<br> </sup>(3.9<u>+</u>1.0)?10<sup>-13</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>235</sup>U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>24</sup>Ne<br> <sup>25</sup>Ne<br> <sup>26</sup>Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">57.36<br> 57.83<br> 58.11</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">< 5?10<sup>-12</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">> 1.4?10<sup>20</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>236</sup>U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>24</sup>Ne<br> <sup>26</sup>Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">55.96<br> 56.75</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">< 4?10<sup>-12</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">>6?10<sup>18</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>234</sup>U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>28</sup>Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">74.13</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(1.4<u>+</u>0.2)?10<sup>-13<br> </sup>(2.3<u>+</u>0.7)?10<sup>-13</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>235</sup>U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>28</sup>Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">72.20</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 8?10-<sup>13</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 9?10<sup>20</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>236</sup>U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>30</sup>Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">72.51</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 4?10<sup>-12</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 6?10<sup>18</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>237</sup>Np</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>30</sup>Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">75.02</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><4?10<sup>-14</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 5?10<sup>19</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>236</sup>Pu</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>28</sup>Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">79.67</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">~2?10<sup>-14</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">~1.5?10<sup>14</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>238</sup>Pu</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>28</sup>Mg<br> <sup>30</sup>Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">75.93<br> 77.03</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><img SRC="images/i12_05.gif" WIDTH="101" HEIGHT="37"></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">~1.5?10<sup>18</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="MIDDLE"><sup>32</sup>Si</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">91.21</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><img SRC="images/i12_06.gif" WIDTH="100" HEIGHT="37"></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">~6.5?10<sup>17</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>240</sup>Pu</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>34</sup>Si</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">90.95</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 1.3?10<sup>-13</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">>5.10<sup>16</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>241</sup>Am</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP"><sup>34</sup>Si</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">93.84</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 5?10<sup>-15<br> </sup>< 3?10<sup>-12<br> </sup>< 4.2?10<sup>-13<br> </sup>< 7.4?10<sup>-16</sup></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 9?10<sup>16</sup><br> > 1.4?10<sup>14</sup><br> > 1.0?10<sup>15<br> </sup>> 5.8?10<sup>17</sup></td> </tr> </table> </small> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="240" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" align="right"> <tr> <td width="100%"> <img src="images/ef12_04.gif" alt="?б®±2.4" WIDTH="230" HEIGHT="392"><br>?б®¦nbsp;12.4. ?????????????? вЌЉ ??? ????????? (??и© ?????? ???п Ё????) ?????? ? ????НЉ ?????<sup>2</sup>/A</td> </tr> </table> <p> ?????? ????????йЌЉ????????????? ???? ?оЌЉ???? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???? иЌЉ??? ??????? ????.<br> ????? ??????????вЌЉ????????? ?? ?????? ???НЉ? ?? ????. ??????? ???? ?? ???е¬ ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????м ????м® ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????. В ????? ?????????????????еЌЉ???????????. ???????? ??????? ????????м® ? ?б®¦nbsp;12.4 ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????<sup>2</sup>/A ??????????в® ??о¬ ??? ??????? ?????????, ?кЌЉ???о¬ ????????????, ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????мЌЉ?????????. <br> ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????. <ol> <li>???б јimg src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-???НЉ ???????????й®ј/li> <li>????? ???????а јimg src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-???? ??-???????? ?кЌЉ ????????? ???? ?иЌЉ ?????????????.</li> <li>В ????? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???НЉ ? ????? ????????? ????оЌЉ ??.</li> </ol> <p> ??????????? ???НЉ????? ??? ???? ??? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???а¬ ?????? Г® ???м® В ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? <img src="../simages/nu.gif" alt="nu" WIDTH="7" HEIGHT="7"> ??????? ???????? ????. ?????мЌЉ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????иє ?????? ?????? ???? ??????е¬ ???? ??????????????? ??, ?????? ???????????? ?????????а® Т®е® ??? ?????мЌЉ????? ??? ??????<sub>1/2</sub> ?????? ?????? </p> <table CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="7" WIDTH="100%"> <tr> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP"><p ALIGN="CENTER"><img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda1.gif (56 bytes)" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11"> = <img src="../simages/nu.gif" alt="nu" WIDTH="7" HEIGHT="7">FP = ln2/T<sub>1/2</sub>,</td> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP"><p ALIGN="RIGHT">(12.2)</td> </tr> </table> <p>?е јimg src="../simages/nu.gif" alt="nu" WIDTH="7" HEIGHT="7"> - ????????? ???? ? ?????а¬ F - ??? ?????? ????, P - ??????????. </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="370" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" align="right"> <tr> <td width="100%"> <img src="images/ef12_05.gif" alt="?б®±2.5" WIDTH="361" HEIGHT="271"><br>?б®¦nbsp;12.5. ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????????оЌЉ ???ајЇtd> </tr> </table> <p> ? ?б®¦nbsp;12.5 ???? ?????мЌЉ?????????????? ?????оЌЉ????????? ????????????оЌЉ??????? ???а® ?????? ???еЌЉ?????????? ?????? ??? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???а® ??о¬ ??? ?? ????????????? ?? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-?????? ??оЌЉ???????????????. <br> ???? ????в јimg src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-???? ????????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????е јimg src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-????? ??еЌЉ???? ???? ?????а® ?????еЌЉ?????????в¬ ?????????дЌЉ??? ????????????о јimg src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-???г® ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????пЌЉ?, ??????????????еЌЉ?????? ???????? E<sub>?нјЇsub>, ????? ? ??????????????оЌЉ?????? ?????? </p> <table CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="7" WIDTH="100%"> <tr> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP"><p ALIGN="CENTER">E<sub>?нјЇsub> = Q(F<sub>t</sub>/F<sub>i</sub>),</td> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP"><p ALIGN="RIGHT">(12.3)</td> </tr> </table> <p>?? ? ????????? ???а¬ F<sub>i</sub> ? ??????? ??, F<sub>t</sub> ? ????НЉ????. Т®е® ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????и® ????еЌЉ????? ? ?????п Ё12.3) ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ? ????а јimg src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????в® ??????, ???? ? ??? б јimg src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??аў WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-???? ???зЌЉ???????в Ё?? ? ????) ???? ???????. ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ? ????<img src="../simages/arrow.gif" alt="------>" WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="17">A<sub>1</sub> + A<sub>2</sub>.</p> <table CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="7" WIDTH="100%"> <tr> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP"><p ALIGN="CENTER">Q = [M(A) - M(A<sub>1</sub>) - M(A<sub>2</sub>)]c<sup>2</sup>.</td> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP"><p ALIGN="RIGHT">(12.4)</td> </tr> </table> <p>Т®е® ???? Q ???????????? ?пЌЉ???? ??????? ????? A<sub>1</sub>?<sub>2</sub>. ??? ????????? A<sub>1</sub> ?<sub>2</sub> ????????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ????. ????????? ?????? ????? ????л¬ ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???оЌЉ????? = 8, 14, 20. ?????? ??оЌЉ? ?б®¦nbsp;12.6, ? ????????????? ??????? Q ? ????????????НЉ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ????а јsup>208</sup>Pb. </p> <div align="center"><center> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="470" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="images/ef12_06.gif" alt="?б®±2.6" WIDTH="466" HEIGHT="433"><br> ?б®¦nbsp;12.6. ????????? ???? ? ??лЌЉ ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ????а јsup>208</sup>Pb</td> </tr> </table> </center></div> <p>? ?б®¦nbsp;12.7 ???? ?????????лЌЉ???????????-Z ????е® ? ???НЉ??о¬ ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????. </p> <div align="center"><center> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="470" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="images/ef12_07.gif" alt="?б®±2.7" WIDTH="467" HEIGHT="359"><br> ?б®¦nbsp;12.7. ?????????????? ????? ??????????</td> </tr> </table> </center></div> <p> ????? ??? ?????? A<sub>1</sub> = 208 (Z<sub>1</sub> = 82, N<sub>1</sub> = 126) ?<sub>2</sub> = 14, 24, 28, 34 (N<sub>2</sub> = 8, 14, 20). ??? ???? ?????????, ???? ????????? ????????????вЌЉ????????????????? ??оЌЉ??? ????М® ???, Н® ?????. ?? 1990 Т® 20 ?п ¶ ?а ±405], [В® ???? ?. ?? в®±1, ?п®¶, ?а®±405], ??? 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